Publications
Center publications arranged
by topic
Exotic earthworm
invasion in forests
Bohlen, P.J., S. Scheu, C.M. Hale, M.A. McLean, S. Migge,
P.M. Groffman, and D. Parkinson. 2004. Non-native invasive
earthworms as agents of change in northern temperate forests.
Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 2:427-435.
Hale, C. M., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2004. Allometric
equations for estimation of ash-free dry mass from length
measurements for selected European earthworm species (Lumbricidae)
in the western Great Lakes region. American Midland
Naturalist 151(1):179-185.
Hale, C.M., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2005. Effects
of European earthworm invasion on soil characteristics in
northern hardwood forests of Minnesota, U.S.A. Ecosystems
8:911-927.
Hale, C.M., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2005. Exotic European
earthworm invasion dynamics in northern hardwood forests
of Minnesota, U.S.A. Ecological Applications 15:848-860.
Reich, P.B., J Oleksyn, J. Modrzynski, P. Mrozinski, S.E.
Hobbie, D.M. Eissenstat, J. Chorover, O.A. Chadwick, C.M.
Hale, and M.G. Tjoelker. 2005. Linking litter calcium, earthworms
and soil properties: a common garden test with 14 tree species.
Ecology Letters 8:811-818.
Callaham, M.A. Jr., G. González, C.M. Hale, L. Heneghan,
S.L. Lachnicht, and X. Zou. 2006. Policy and management
responses to earthworm invasions. Biological Invasions
8:1317-1329.
Frelich, L.E., C.M. Hale, S. Scheu, A. Holdsworth, L. Heneghan,
P.J. Bohlen, and P.B. Reich. 2006. Earthworm invasion into
previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests.
Biological Invasions 8:1235-1245.
Tiunov, A.V., C.M. Hale, A.R. Holdsworth, and T.S. Perel.
2006. Invasion patterns of Lumbricidae into the previously
earthworm-free areas of north-eastern Europe and the western
Great Lakes region of North America. Biological Invasions
8:1223-1234.
Hale, C.M., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2006. Changes
in cold-temperate forest understory plant communities in
response to invasion by European earthworms. Ecology
87:1637-1649.
Hale, C.M. 2007. Earthworms of the Great Lakes.
Kollath and Stensaas Publishing, Duluth MN.
Holdsworth, A.R., P.B. Reich, and L.E. Frelich. 2007. Regional
extent of an ecosystem engineer: earthworm invasion in northern
hardwood forests. Ecological Applications 17:1666-1677.
Holdsworth, A.R., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2007. Effects
of earthworm invasion on plant species richnes in northern
hardwood forests. Conservation Biology 21:997-1008.
Hale, C.M., L.E. Frelich, P.B. Reich, and J. Pastor. 2008.
Exotic earthworm effects on hardwood forest floor, nutrient
availability, and native plants: a mesocosms study. Oecologia
155:509-518.
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Fire,
windstorm and logging impacts in forests
Frelich, L.E., and C.G. Lorimer. 1991. Natural disturbance
regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes
Region. Ecological Monographs 61:145-164.
Frelich, L.E., and C.G. Lorimer. 1991. A simulation of landscape
dynamics in old-growth northern hardwood forests. Journal
of Ecology 79:223-233.
Lorimer, C.G., and L.E. Frelich. 1994. Disturbance and eastern
old growth. Journal of Forestry 92:33-38.
Frelich, L.E. and P.B. Reich. 1995. Neighborhood effects,
disturbance, and succession in forests of the Western Great
Lakes Region. Ecoscience 2:148-158.
Frelich, L.E., and P.B. Reich. 1998. Disturbance severity
and threshold responses in the boreal forest. Conservation
Ecology [online] 2(2):7.
Frelich, L.E., and P.B. Reich. 1999. Neighborhood effects,
disturbance severity and community stability in forests.
Ecosystems 2:151-166.
Reich, P.B., P.Bakken, D.Carlson, L.E. Frelich, S.K. Friedman,
and D. Grigal. 2001. Influence of logging and fire on boreal
forest biodiversity and productivity. Ecology 82: 2731-2748.
Frelich, L.E. 2002. Disturbance Regimes and Forest Dynamics.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Weyenberg, S.A, L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2004. Logging
versus fire: how does disturbance type influence the abundance
of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) regeneration? Silva
Fennica 38:179-194.
Rich, R.L., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2007. Wind-throw
mortality in the southern boreal forest: effects of species,
diameter and stand age. Journal of Ecology 95:1261-1273.
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Plant
community structure and diversity
Augustine, D., and L.E. Frelich. 1998. White-tailed deer
impacts on populations of an understory forb in fragmented
deciduous forests. Conservation Biology 12:995-1004.
Augustine, D., L.E. Frelich and P.A. Jordan. 1998. Evidence
for development of alternative communities in an ungulate
grazing system. Ecological Applications 8:1260-1269.
Frelich, L.E., J-L. Machado, and P.B. Reich. 2003. Fine-scale
environmental variation and structure of understorey plant
communities in two old-growth pine forests. Journal of Ecology
91:283-293.
Hale, C.M., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2006. Changes
in cold-temperate forest understory plant communities in
response to invasion by European earthworms. Ecology 87:1637-1649.
Holdsworth, A.R., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2007. Effects
of earthworm invasion on plant species richnes in northern
hardwood forests. Conservation Biology 21:997-1008.
Peck, J.E., and L.E. Frelich. 2007. Moss harvest truncates
the successional development of epiphytic bryophytes in
the Pacific Northwest. Ecological Applications 18:146-158.
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Deer grazing
in forests
Frelich, L.E., and C.G. Lorimer. 1985. Current and predicted
long-term effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in
Michigan, USA. Biological Conservation 34:99-120.
Augustine, D., and L.E. Frelich. 1998. White-tailed deer
impacts on populations of an understory forb in fragmented
deciduous forests. Conservation Biology 12:995-1004.
Augustine, D., L.E. Frelich, and P.A. Jordan. 1998. Evidence
for development of alternative communities in an ungulate
grazing system. Ecological Applications 8:1260-1269.
Cornett, M.W., L.E. Frelich, K.J. Puettmann, and P.B. Reich.
2000. Conservation implications of browsing by Odocoileus
virginianus in remnant upland Thuja occidentalis forests.
Biological Conservation 93:359-369.
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Seed
dispersal, seedling and seedbed ecology
Cornett, M.W., P.B. Reich, K.J. Puettmann, and L.E. Frelich.
2000. Seedbed and moisture availability determine safe sites
for early Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae) regeneration.
American Journal of Botany 87:1807-1814.
Cornett, M.W., K.J. Puettmann, L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich.
2001. Comparing the importance of seedbed and canopy type
in the restoration of upland Thuja occidentalis forests
of northeastern Minnesota. Restoration Ecology 9:386-396.
Dovciak, M., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2001. Discordance
in spatial patterns of white pine (Pinus strobus) size-classes
in a patchy near-boreal forest. Journal of Ecology 89:280-291
Dovciak, M., P.B. Reich, and L.E. Frelich. 2003. Seed rain,
safe sites, competing vegetation, and soil resources spatially
structure white pine regeneration and recruitment. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research 33:1892-1904.
Dovicak, M., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2005. Pathways
in old field succession to white pine: seed rain, shade
and climate effects. Ecological Monographs 75:363-378.
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Stand
dynamics: gaps, succession, and neighborhood effects
Lorimer, C.G., and L.E. Frelich. 1984. A simulation of equilibrium
diameter distributions of sugar maple (Acer saccharum).
Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 111:193-199.
Frelich, L.E., and G.L. Martin. 1988. Effects of crown expansion
into gaps on evaluation of disturbance intensity in northern
hardwood forests. Forest Science 34:530-536.
Lorimer, C.G., L.E. Frelich, and E.V. Nordheim. 1988. Estimating
gap origin probabilities for canopy trees. Ecology 69:778-785.
Frelich, L.E., and C.G. Lorimer. 1991. Natural disturbance
regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes
Region. Ecological Monographs 61:145-164.
Lorimer, C.G., L.E. Frelich, and E.V. Nordheim. 1992. Forest-tree
growth rates and probability of gap origin—a reply
to Clark. Ecology 73:1124-1128.
Frelich, L.E., and L.J. Graumlich. 1994. Age class distribution
and spatial patterns in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24:1939-1947.
Frelich, L.E., and P.B. Reich. 1995. Spatial patterns and
succession in a Minnesota southern-boreal forest. Ecological
Monographs 65:325-346.
Lorimer, C.G., and L.E. Frelich. 1998. A structural alternative
to chronosequence analysis for uneven-aged northern hardwood
forests. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 6:347-366.
Frelich, L.E., P.B. Reich, S. Sugita, M.B. Davis, and S.K.
Friedman. 1998. Neighborhood effects in forests: Implications
for within stand patch structure and management. Journal
of Ecology 86:149-162.
Frelich, L.E., and P.B. Reich. 1999. Neighborhood effects,
disturbance severity and community stability in forests.
Ecosystems 2:151-166.
Dovicak, M., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2005. Pathways
in old field succession to white pine: seed rain, shade
and climate effects. Ecological Monographs 75:363-378.
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Forest
management and restoration
Frelich, L.E., and K.Puettmann. 1999. Restoration Ecology.
Pages 498-524 in, M.L Hunter, Jr., Editor, Maintaining biodiversity
in forest ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
England.
Mehta, S., L.E. Frelich, M.T. Jones, and J. Manolis. 2004
. Examining the effects of alternative management strategies
on landscape-scale forest patterns in northeastern Minnesota
using LANDIS. Ecological Modelling 180:73-87.
Frelich, L.E., M.W. Cornett, and M.A. White. 2005. Controls
and reference conditions in forestry: The role of old growth
and retrospective studies. Journal of Forestry 103:339-344.
Peck, J.E., and L.E. Frelich. 2007. Moss harvest truncates
the successional development of epiphytic bryophytes in
the Pacific Northwest. Ecological Applications 18:146-158.
Peck, J.E., H.M. Hoganson, P.S. Muir, A.R. Ek, and L.E.
Frelich. 2007. Using Inventory Projections to evaluate management
options for the nontimber forest product of epiphytic moss.
Forest Science 54:185-194.
Burton, J.I., L.E. Frelich, and E.K. Zenner. 2008. Frost
crack incidence in northern hardwood forests of the southern
boreal-north temperate transition zone. Northern Journal
of Applied Forestry, in press.
Benedict, M.A., and L.E. Frelich. 2008. Site factors and
black ash tree-ring growth in northern Minnesota. Forest
Ecology and Management, in press.
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Landscape
ecology
Frelich, L.E., and C.G. Lorimer. 1991. Natural disturbance
regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes
Region. Ecological Monographs 61:145-164.
Frelich, L.E., and C.G. Lorimer. 1991. A simulation of landscape
dynamics in old-growth northern hardwood forests. Journal
of Ecology 79:223-233.
Frelich, L.E., R.R. Calcote, M.B. Davis, and J. Pastor.
1993. Patch formation and maintenance in an old growth hemlock-hardwood
forest. Ecology 74:513-527.
Frelich, L.E., and P.B. Reich. 1995. Neighborhood effects,
disturbance, and succession in forests of the Western Great
Lakes Region. Ecoscience 2:148-158.
Romme, W., W. Everham, L.E. Frelich, M. Moritz, and R. Sparks.
1999. Are large infrequent disturbances qualitatively different
from small frequent disturbances? Ecosystems 1:524-534.
Frelich, L.E., and P.B. Reich. 1999. Neighborhood effects,
disturbance severity and community stability in forests.
Ecosystems 2:151-166.
Freidman, S.K., P.B. Reich, and L.E. Frelich. 2001. Multiple
scale composition and spatial patterns of the northeastern
Minnesota presettlement forest. Journal of Ecology 89:538-554.
Mehta, S., L.E. Frelich, M.T. Jones, and J. Manolis. 2004
. Examining the effects of alternative management strategies
on landscape-scale forest patterns in northeastern Minnesota
using LANDIS. Ecological Modelling 180:73-87.
Frelich, L.E., M.W. Cornett, and M.A. White. 2005. Controls
and reference conditions in forestry: The role of old growth
and retrospective studies. Journal of Forestry 103:339-344.
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Paleoecology
Davis, M.B., S. Sugita, R.R. Calcote, and L.E. Frelich.
1992. Effects of invasion by Tsuga canadensis on a North
American forest ecosystem. Pages 34-44 In: A. Teller, P.
Mathy and J.N.R. Jeffers, Editors. Responses of Forest Ecosystems
to Environmental Changes, Elsevier Applied Science, New
York, New York, USA.
Davis, M.B., S. Sugita, R.R. Calcote, J.B. Ferrari, and
L.E. Frelich (Peer reviewed). 1994. Historical Development
of alternate communities in a hemlock-hardwood forest in
Michigan, USA. Pages 19-39 In: R. May, N. Webb, and P. Edwards,
Editors. Large-scale Ecology and Conservation Biology. Blackwell,
Oxford, England.
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Northern
hardwood, oak and hemlock forests
Lorimer, C.G., and L.E. Frelich. 1984. A simulation of equilibrium
diameter distributions of sugar maple (Acer saccharum).
Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club 111:193-199.
Frelich, L.E., and C.G. Lorimer. 1985. Current and predicted
long-term effects of deer browsing in hemlock forests in
Michigan, USA. Biological Conservation 34:99-120.
Frelich, L.E., and G.L. Martin. 1988. Effects of crown expansion
into gaps on evaluation of disturbance intensity in northern
hardwood forests. Forest Science 34:530-536.
Lorimer, C.G., L.E. Frelich, and E.V. Nordheim. 1988. Estimating
gap origin probabilities for canopy trees. Ecology 69:778-785.
Frelich, L.E., J.G. Bockheim, and J.E. Leide. 1989. Historical
trends in tree-ring growth and chemistry across an air-quality
gradient in Wisconsin. Canadian Journal of Forest Research
19:113-121.
Davis, M.B., S. Sugita, R.R. Calcote, and L.E. Frelich.
1992. Effects of invasion by Tsuga Canadensis on a North
American forest ecosystem. Pages 34-44 In: A. Teller, P.
Mathy and J.N.R. Jeffers, Editors. Responses of Forest Ecosystems
to Environmental Changes. Elsevier Applied Science, New
York, New York, USA.
Frelich, L.E., and C.G. Lorimer. 1991. Natural disturbance
regimes in hemlock-hardwood forests of the Upper Great Lakes
Region. Ecological Monographs 61:145-164.
Frelich, L.E., and C.G. Lorimer. 1991. A simulation of landscape
dynamics in old-growth northern hardwood forests. Journal
of Ecology 79:223-233.
Frelich, L.E., R.R. Calcote, M.B. Davis, and J. Pastor.
1993. Patch formation and maintenance in an old growth hemlock-hardwood
forest. Ecology 74:513-527.
Davis, M.B., S. Sugita, R.R. Calcote, J.B. Ferrari, and
L.E. Frelich (Peer reviewed). 1994. Historical Development
of alternate communities in a hemlock-hardwood forest in
Michigan, USA. Pages 19-39 In: R. May, N. Webb, and P. Edwards,
Editors. Large-scale Ecology and Conservation Biology. Blackwell,
Oxford, England.
Lorimer, C.G., and L.E. Frelich. 1994. Disturbance and eastern
old growth. Journal of Forestry 92:33-38.
Frelich, L.E., and L.J. Graumlich. 1994. Age class distribution
and spatial patterns in an old-growth hemlock-hardwood forest.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24:1939-1947.
Lorimer, C.G., and L.E. Frelich. 1998. A structural alternative
to chronosequence analysis for uneven-aged northern hardwood
forests. Journal of Sustainable Forestry 6:347-366.
Frelich, L.E., P.B. Reich, S. Sugita, M.B. Davis, and S.K.
Friedman. 1998. Neighborhood effects in forests: Implications
for within stand patch structure and management. Journal
of Ecology 86:149-162.
Frelich, L.E. 2002. Disturbance Regimes and Forest Dynamics.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Frelich, L.E., C.M. Hale, S. Scheu, A. Holdsworth, L. Heneghan,
P.J. Bohlen, and P.B. Reich. 2006. Earthworm invasion into
previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests.
Biological Invasions 8:1235-1245.
Burton, J.I., L.E. Frelich, and E.K. Zenner. 2008. Frost
crack incidence in northern hardwood forests of the southern
boreal-north temperate transition zone. Northern Journal
of Applied Forestry, in press.
Frelich, L.E., and P.B. Reich. 2002. Dynamics of old-growth
oak forests. Pages 113-126 in, W.J. McShea and W.H. Healy,
Editors.The Ecology and Management of Oaks for Wildlife.
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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White
and red pine forests
Frelich, L.E., J.G. Bockheim, and J.E. Leide. 1989. Historical
trends in tree-ring growth and chemistry across an air-quality
gradient in Wisconsin. Canadian Journal of Forest Research
19:113-121
Bockheim, J.G., J.E. Leide, and L.E. Frelich. 1989. Red
pine growth and chemical composition of foliage and forest
floors across a precipitation-chemistry gradient in Wisconsin.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19:1543-1549.
Tester, J., A. Starfield, and L.E. Frelich. 1996. Modeling
for ecosystem management in Minnesota pine forests. Biological
Conservation 80:313-324.
Dovciak, M., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2001. Discordance
in spatial patterns of white pine (Pinus strobus) size-classes
in a patchy near-boreal forest. Journal of Ecology 89:280-291.
Frelich, L.E. 2002. Disturbance Regimes and Forest Dynamics.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Frelich, L.E., J-L. Machado, and P.B. Reich. 2003. Fine-scale
environmental variation and structure of understorey plant
communities in two old-growth pine forests. Journal of Ecology
91:283-293.
Dovciak, M., P.B. Reich, and L.E. Frelich. 2003. Seed rain,
safe sites, competing vegetation, and soil resources spatially
structure white pine regeneration and recruitment. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research 33:1892-1904.
Weyenberg, S.A, L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2004. Logging
versus fire: how does disturbance type influence the abundance
of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus) regeneration? Silva
Fennica 38:179-194.
Dovicak, M., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2005. Pathways
in old field succession to white pine: seed rain, shade
and climate effects. Ecological Monographs 75:363-378.
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White cedar
forests
Cornett, M.W., P.B. Reich, K.J. Puettmann, and L.E. Frelich.
2000. Seedbed and moisture availability determine safe sites
for early Thuja occidentalis (Cupressaceae) regeneration.
American Journal of Botany 87:1807-1814.
Cornett, M.W., K.J. Puettmann, L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich.
2001. Comparing the importance of seedbed and canopy type
in the restoration of upland Thuja occidentalis forests
of northeastern Minnesota. Restoration Ecology 9:386-396.
Cornett, M.W., L.E. Frelich, K.J. Puettmann, and P.B. Reich.
2000. Conservation implications of browsing by Odocoileus
virginianus in remnant upland Thuja occidentalis forests.
Biological Conservation 93:359-369.
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Black
ash forests
Benedict, M.A., and L.E. Frelich. 2008. Site factors and
black ash tree-ring growth in northern Minnesota. Forest
Ecology and Management 255:3489-3493.
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Boreal forests
Frelich, L.E., and P.B. Reich. 1995. Spatial patterns and
succession in a Minnesota southern-boreal forest. Ecological
Monographs 65:325-346.
Frelich, L.E., and P.B. Reich. 1998. Disturbance severity
and threshold responses in the boreal forest. Conservation
Ecology [online]2(2):7.
Cornett, M.W., L.E. Frelich, K.J. Puettmann, and P.B. Reich.
2000. Conservation implications of browsing by Odocoileus
virginianus in remnant upland Thuja occidentalis forests.
Biological Conservation 93:359-369.
Reich, P.B., P.Bakken, D.Carlson, L.E. Frelich, S.K. Friedman,
and D. Grigal. 2001. Influence of logging and fire on boreal
forest biodiversity and productivity. Ecology 82:2731-2748.
Frelich, L.E. 2002. Disturbance Regimes and Forest Dynamics.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Frelich, L.E., J-L. Machado, and P.B. Reich. 2003. Fine-scale
environmental variation and structure of understorey plant
communities in two old-growth pine forests. Journal of Ecology
91:283-293.
Rich, R.L., L.E. Frelich, and P.B. Reich. 2007. Wind-throw
mortality in the southern boreal forest: effects of species,
diameter and stand age. Journal of Ecology 95:1261-1273.
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Old
growth forests
Frelich, L.E. 1995. Old forest in the Lake States today
and before European settlement. Natural Areas Journal 15:157-167.
Frelich, L.E., and P.B. Reich. 1996. Old growth in the Great
Lakes Region. Chapter 11, pages 144-160, In: M.B. Davis,
editor: Eastern Old Growth. Island Press, Washington, DC,
USA.
Frelich, L.E. 2002. Disturbance Regimes and Forest Dynamics.
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
Frelich, L.E., and P.B. Reich. 2003. Perspectives on development
of definitions and values related to old-growth forests.
Environmental Reviews 11:S9-S22.
Frelich, L.E., M.W. Cornett, and M.A. White. 2005. Controls
and reference conditions in forestry: The role of old growth
and retrospective studies. Journal of Forestry 103:339-344.
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